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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com

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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

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♪♪

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[ CLOCK TICKING ]

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Narrator: TIME -- WE THINK OF IT
AS REGULAR AS CLOCKWORK...

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...TICKING OUT THE STEADY
PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSE.

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BUT TIME IS NOT CONSTANT.

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AND THAT HOLDS THE KEY
TO THE SECRETS OF CREATION.

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AND THE TWO PEOPLE WHO HELPED US
UNLOCK THOSE MYSTERIES

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ARE JOINED BY
A COSMIC COINCIDENCE OF TIMING.

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♪♪

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ON MARCH 14, 1879,

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ALBERT EINSTEIN WAS BORN
IN ULM, GERMANY.

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AND ON MARCH 14, 2018,

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STEPHEN HAWKING DIED
IN CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.

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THEY ARE UNDOUBTEDLY
THE MOST RECOGNIZED SCIENTISTS

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IN THE WORLD.

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AND BETWEEN THEM, THEY HAVE
TRANSFORMED OUR UNDERSTANDING

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OF EVERYTHING.

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♪♪

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Gates:
IF ALBERT EINSTEIN
HAD NOT LIVED,

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IT IS HARD TO IMAGINE

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WHAT THE 20th CENTURY
WOULD'VE BEEN LIKE.

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Narrator:
IN THE EARLY 1900s,

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ALBERT EINSTEIN DEVELOPED
AN IDEA SO REVOLUTIONARY

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IT CHANGED
THE COURSE OF HISTORY.

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IT WAS CALLED RELATIVITY.

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♪♪

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Oluseyi: MANY OF EINSTEIN'S
IDEAS ARE OUT THERE.

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AT BEST,
THEY'RE COUNTERINTUITIVE.

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OTHERS ARE SIMPLY MIND-BENDING.

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[ POP ]

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Narrator:
HIS GIANT LEAPS
OF IMAGINATION

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GAVE US A NEW UNDERSTANDING
OF THE FABRIC OF REALITY...

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♪♪

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...AND REDEFINED OUR CONCEPTS
OF TIME AND SPACE.

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♪♪

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AND, CRUCIALLY, HIS WORK
INSPIRED STEPHEN HAWKING...

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♪♪

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...WHO WOULD DEVELOP
EINSTEIN'S IDEAS

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TO REVEAL THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY
PHENOMENA IN THE UNIVERSE.

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♪♪

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Hawking:
BLACK HOLES ARE STRANGER
THAN ANYTHING

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DREAMED OF
BY SCIENCE-FICTION WRITERS,

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BUT THEY ARE FIRMLY MATTERS
OF SCIENCE FACT.

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♪♪

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Levin: HAWKING
IS INCREDIBLY INNOVATIVE,

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ABLE TO MAKE DISCOVERIES THAT
SEEMED TOTALLY COUNTERINTUITIVE

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AND TOTALLY IMPOSSIBLE.

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♪♪

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Narrator:
RIGHT UP TO HIS DEATH,

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HE WAS REDEFINING OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE.

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Strominger: HE SAID HE HADN'T
BEEN THIS EXCITED IN 40 YEARS.

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WHEN I MISS HIM THE MOST
IS WHEN WE FIGURE SOMETHING OUT.

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I'D LIKE TO TELL HIM.

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♪♪

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Narrator:
THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW
THESE TWO REMARKABLE SCIENTISTS

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SHOWED US THAT THE UNIVERSE
IS STRANGER AND MORE WONDERFUL

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THAN WE EVER IMAGINED.

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♪♪

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♪♪

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[ BELLS TOLLING ]

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[ CLOCK TICKING ]

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THE STORY STARTS
IN THIS APARTMENT

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IN BERN, SWITZERLAND.

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ALBERT EINSTEIN LIVED HERE
WITH HIS FIRST WIFE

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AND FELLOW PHYSICIST, MILEVA,

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FOR TWO YEARS
WHILE HE DID HIS GREATEST WORK.

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WE CAN ONLY IMAGINE
THE CONVERSATIONS

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THESE WALLS HAVE HEARD,

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THE MOMENTS OF GENIUS
THEY HAVE WITNESSED.

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BUT WHEN HE ARRIVED HERE
IN 1903,

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THERE WAS NO SIGN AT ALL

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THAT EINSTEIN
WAS DESTINED FOR GREATNESS.

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IN FACT, EINSTEIN'S PROGRESS HAD
BEEN DISTINCTLY UNDERWHELMING.

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♪♪

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Gates: ALBERT EINSTEIN WAS
A RATHER UNUSUAL CHILD.

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IT WAS VERY LATE
IN HIS EARLY LIFE

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THAT HE BEGAN TO TALK,
AND SO HIS PARENTS, IN FACT,

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WERE WORRIED ABOUT HIM
FOR QUITE A WHILE.

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SO, EINSTEIN,
FROM A VERY EARLY AGE,

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WAS INDEPENDENT-MINDED,

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FOCUSED ON THINGS THAT CAPTURED
HIS IMAGINATION,

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BUT VERY QUICK TO IGNORE THINGS
IN SCHOOL

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THAT HE CONSIDERED
LESS IMPORTANT.

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♪♪

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HE OFTEN FOUGHT
WITH HIS PROFESSORS.

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HE BARELY SQUEAKED THROUGH
HIS UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

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AND HAD A GREAT DEAL
OF DIFFICULTY

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FINDING A POSITION
AFTER UNIVERSITY.

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♪♪

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SO, THE ONE POSITION EINSTEIN
COULD ACTUALLY ARRANGE

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WAS AS AN ENTRY-LEVEL
PATENT CLERK

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IN THE PATENT OFFICE
IN BERN, SWITZERLAND.

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AND EINSTEIN ENTERED
LITERALLY AT THE BOTTOM.

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♪♪

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Narrator: THIS WAS
EINSTEIN'S LOT IN 1903 --

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AN ACADEMIC UNDERACHIEVER
IN A DEAD-END JOB.

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♪♪

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BUT IT WAS ALSO A BLESSING
IN DISGUISE.

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IT WAS A PERFECT JOB
FOR HIM IN SOME WAYS,

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BECAUSE HE COULD GO THROUGH
THE DAY AND GET PAID

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AND THEN SPEND
HIS IMPORTANT TIME

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DOING PHYSICS ON THE SIDE.

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HE JUST WAS ABLE TO LIVE
WITHIN HIS MIND,

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AND THAT, FOR ALL OF HUMANITY,
WAS A GREAT BOON.

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♪♪

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Narrator:
ON JANUARY 8, 1942,

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STEPHEN HAWKING WAS BORN
IN OXFORD, ENGLAND,

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COINCIDENTALLY, ON THE
300th ANNIVERSARY

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OF THE DEATH OF GALILEO.

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UNLIKE EINSTEIN,

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HE EXCELLED ACADEMICALLY
FROM A YOUNG AGE

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AND, ALTHOUGH A RESPECTED
SCIENTIST IN HIS OWN RIGHT,

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HE FIRST HIT THE HEADLINES
IN 1984

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WITH THE PUBLICATION
OF "A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME,"

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WHICH TRIED TO BRING
THE THEORIES OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

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TO A WIDER AUDIENCE.

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♪♪

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Levin: HAWKING IS SUCH
A FASCINATING HUMAN BEING.

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YOU CAN'T REALLY EXAGGERATE
THE POWER OF THAT INTELLECT.

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AND A COMPLICATED MAN, YOU KNOW,
A COMPLICATED CHARACTER.

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♪♪

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STEPHEN WAS A LOVER OF LIFE.

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HE TOOK ME WITH HIM
TO ANTARCTICA.

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HE, OF COURSE, WENT UP
IN A SUBORBITAL FLIGHT,

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SO HE WAS WEIGHTLESS.

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HE ENJOYED LIFE TO THE FULL.

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♪♪

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Narrator: AS A TEENAGER,

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HE WAS KNOWN TO HIS CLASSMATES
AS "EINSTEIN."

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AND AT UNIVERSITY,
HE OFTEN DELIGHTED

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IN DOING AS LITTLE WORK
AS POSSIBLE.

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♪♪

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Hawking: THE PHYSICS COURSE
AT OXFORD AT THAT TIME

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WAS RIDICULOUSLY EASY.

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YOU DIDN'T NEED TO REMEMBER
MANY FACTS,

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JUST A FEW EQUATIONS.

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♪♪

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Narrator: BUT IN 1962,
WHEN HE WAS JUST 20,

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HAWKING'S
HAPPY-GO-LUCKY LIFESTYLE

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CAME TO A GRINDING HALT.

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HE WAS DIAGNOSED
WITH MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

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AND GIVEN
JUST TWO YEARS TO LIVE.

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Hawking:
ITS FIRST EFFECT WAS
TO DEPRESS ME.

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I SEEMED TO BE GETTING WORSE
FAIRLY RAPIDLY.

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Narrator: BUT HAWKING
WAS NOT ONE

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TO LET ADVERSITY
STAND IN HIS WAY.

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Thorne: STEPHEN WAS THE MOST
STUBBORN MAN I HAVE EVER MET.

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HE JUST ABSOLUTELY REFUSED
TO LET HIS PHYSICAL DISABILITY

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GET IN THE WAY
OF DOING ANYTHING.

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♪♪

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Narrator:
THROUGH THE POWER OF HIS MIND,

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STEPHEN HAWKING JOURNEYED
THROUGH THE UNIVERSE

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TO THE FURTHEST CORNERS
OF SPACE AND TIME.

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Hawking:
I CERTAINLY AM HAPPIER NOW.

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BEFORE I GOT
MOTOR NEURON DISEASE,

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I WAS BORED WITH LIFE.

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BUT THE PROSPECT
OF AN EARLY DEATH

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MADE ME REALIZE
LIFE WAS REALLY WORTH LIVING.

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♪♪

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Narrator: STEPHEN HAWKING
AND ALBERT EINSTEIN NEVER MET,

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BUT THEY WERE JOINED TOGETHER
BY AN ABILITY

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TO CONCEPTUALIZE THE UNIVERSE
IN NEW AND RADICAL WAYS.

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♪♪

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AND THIS NEW VISION OF REALITY
BEGAN IN SWITZERLAND IN 1905.

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[ BELL TOLLING ]

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♪♪

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Gates: 1905 -- THAT'S THE YEAR
THAT WE PHYSICISTS REFER TO

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AS "THE YEAR OF MIRACLES."

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HE WROTE FOUR PAPERS THAT YEAR.

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ANY ONE OF THEM WAS WORTHY
OF A NOBEL PRIZE.

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♪♪

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Narrator:
IN MAY OF THAT YEAR,
EINSTEIN WROTE TO A FRIEND.

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Einstein:
I PROMISE YOU FOUR PAPERS.

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THE FIRST DEALS
WITH THE RADIATION

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AND ENERGY PROPERTIES OF LIGHT.

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THE SECOND IS A DETERMINATION
OF THE TRUE SIZE OF ATOMS.

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Narrator: THE THIRD EXPLAINED
THE MOTION OF PARTICLES

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IN A LIQUID.

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BUT IT WAS THE FOURTH PAPER,

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HIS THEORY
OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY,

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THAT WOULD CHANGE THE WORLD.

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♪♪

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Einstein: THE FOURTH
IS A MODIFICATION

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OF THE THEORY OF SPACE AND TIME.

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[ BELL TOLLS ]

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♪♪

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Narrator:
EINSTEIN WROTE ABOUT HOW THIS
MEDIEVAL CLOCK TOWER IN BERN

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INSPIRED HIM TO THINK
ABOUT THE NATURE OF TIME.

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[ BELL TOLLS ]

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[ CLICKING ]

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♪♪

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TIME -- THE THING WE USE
TO MARK OUT THE DAYS AND YEARS,

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THE ONE THING WE RELY ON
TO BE CONSTANT AND UNCHANGING.

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♪♪

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EINSTEIN WAS GOING TO SHOW

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HOW WE'D BEEN GETTING THAT
ALL WRONG.

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♪♪

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HE PUBLISHED HIS PAPER
ON SEPTEMBER 26, 1905.

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IT WAS THE BEGINNING
OF HIS RELATIVITY REVOLUTION,

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AND NOTHING WOULD EVER BE
THE SAME AGAIN.

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Levin: THERE'S BEFORE RELATIVITY
AND AFTER RELATIVITY.

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ONCE YOU LEARN IT,
YOUR WHOLE WORLD VIEW CHANGES.

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AND THAT WAS THE IMPACT
ON THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY --

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THAT THE WHOLE WORLD CHANGED.

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THAT'S, YOU KNOW,

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A SPECTACULAR MOMENT
FOR THE SPECIES,

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WHEN WE CAN SEE WHAT
A HUMAN MIND IS CAPABLE OF

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WHEN ALL OF THE PIECES
COME TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT WAY.

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♪♪

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MANY OF EINSTEIN'S IDEAS
ARE OUT THERE.

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AT BEST,
THEY'RE COUNTERINTUITIVE.

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♪♪

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OTHERS ARE SIMPLY MIND-BENDING.

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♪♪

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BUT THAT'S JUST THE REFLECTION
OF A FACT

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THAT EINSTEIN UNDERSTOOD
VERY WELL,

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WHICH IS -- WHAT IS GOING ON
AT THE FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURE

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OF OUR UNIVERSE
IS VERY DIFFERENT

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FROM WHAT OUR EYES AND EARS
ARE TELLING US.

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♪♪

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Narrator: TO UNDERSTAND
HOW EINSTEIN CHANGED

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OUR CONCEPT OF TIME,

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WE FIRST NEED TO UNDERSTAND
SOMETHING FUNDAMENTAL

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ABOUT LIGHT AND THE WAY
WE SEE THE WORLD.

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♪♪

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IN THE EVERYDAY WORLD AROUND US,
EVERYTHING THAT'S NOT LIGHT

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MOVES IN PRETTY MUCH
THE SAME WAY.

230
00:12:39,172 --> 00:12:42,620
AND I'M GONNA USE
THIS TENNIS-BALL MACHINE HERE

231
00:12:42,620 --> 00:12:46,379
TO SHOW YOU EXACTLY WHAT I MEAN.

232
00:12:46,379 --> 00:12:52,758
♪♪

233
00:12:52,758 --> 00:12:54,724
IF I FIRE OFF THESE BALLS
FROM THE BACK

234
00:12:54,724 --> 00:12:56,793
OF THIS STATIONARY PICKUP TRUCK,

235
00:12:56,793 --> 00:12:59,862
THEY FLY OFF
AT 25 MILES PER HOUR.

236
00:12:59,862 --> 00:13:01,172
BUT HERE'S THE THING --

237
00:13:01,172 --> 00:13:03,896
NO MATTER IF I'M ON THE BACK
OF THIS PICKUP TRUCK

238
00:13:03,896 --> 00:13:06,551
OR IF THERE'S A PERSON
STANDING ON THE GROUND,

239
00:13:06,551 --> 00:13:08,793
EVERYONE SEES
THE SAME THING --

240
00:13:08,793 --> 00:13:11,965
THE BALLS FLYING OFF INTO
THE DISTANCE IN THE SAME WAY.

241
00:13:11,965 --> 00:13:18,379
♪♪

242
00:13:18,379 --> 00:13:22,482
♪♪

243
00:13:22,482 --> 00:13:25,620
BUT THAT CHANGES
IF THE TRUCK STARTS TO MOVE.

244
00:13:25,620 --> 00:13:28,344
AS WE ACCELERATE,
THE MOTION OF THE TRUCK

245
00:13:28,344 --> 00:13:32,275
AFFECTS THE APPARENT TRAJECTORY
OF THE BALLS.

246
00:13:32,275 --> 00:13:34,310
IF SOMEONE IS STANDING
ON THE BACK OF THE TRUCK,

247
00:13:34,310 --> 00:13:37,000
THE BALLS WOULD APPEAR
TO FLY OFF WITH THE SAME SPEED

248
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,551
AND TAKE THE SAME PATH
THROUGH THE AIR.

249
00:13:40,551 --> 00:13:42,068
BUT FOR SOMEONE ON THE GROUND,

250
00:13:42,068 --> 00:13:44,448
THEY SEE SOMETHING
VERY DIFFERENT.

251
00:13:46,103 --> 00:13:48,655
THE BALLS DON'T TRAVEL
NEARLY AS FAR.

252
00:13:48,655 --> 00:13:52,068
♪♪

253
00:13:52,068 --> 00:13:55,482
AND WHEN THE SPEED OF THE TRUCK
MATCHES THE SPEED OF THE BALLS,

254
00:13:55,482 --> 00:13:58,000
IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE THEY
TRAVEL ANYWHERE.

255
00:13:58,000 --> 00:13:59,724
FOR THE STATIONARY OBSERVER,

256
00:13:59,724 --> 00:14:02,310
THE BALLS JUST DROP
STRAIGHT TO THE GROUND.

257
00:14:02,310 --> 00:14:04,103
♪♪

258
00:14:04,103 --> 00:14:08,586
AS THEY SAY,
IT'S ALL RELATIVE.

259
00:14:08,586 --> 00:14:11,413
Narrator: EVERYTHING IN THE
UNIVERSE BEHAVES LIKE THIS --

260
00:14:11,413 --> 00:14:14,862
EVERYTHING, EXCEPT LIGHT.

261
00:14:14,862 --> 00:14:18,586
BECAUSE, NO MATTER WHERE YOU ARE
OR HOW FAST YOU'RE MOVING,

262
00:14:18,586 --> 00:14:20,517
YOU WILL ALWAYS SEE
LIGHT TRAVELING

263
00:14:20,517 --> 00:14:22,586
AT EXACTLY THE SAME SPEED.

264
00:14:22,586 --> 00:14:25,482
♪♪

265
00:14:25,482 --> 00:14:30,000
AND EINSTEIN USE THIS FACT
TO REDEFINE OUR NOTION OF TIME.

266
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:37,379
♪♪

267
00:14:37,379 --> 00:14:39,137
WELL, THE FIRST PROBLEM

268
00:14:39,137 --> 00:14:42,000
THAT REALLY LAUNCHED
EINSTEIN'S THINKING

269
00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:44,689
HAD TO DO WITH LIGHT
AND ITS SPEED.

270
00:14:44,689 --> 00:14:48,413
THE SPEED OF LIGHT SEEMED
NOT TO FOLLOW

271
00:14:48,413 --> 00:14:52,413
THE TRADITIONAL BEHAVIOR
OF ORDINARY SPEEDS OF BASEBALLS

272
00:14:52,413 --> 00:14:54,482
OR ANY OBJECT
THAT YOU TYPICALLY THROW.

273
00:14:54,482 --> 00:14:55,931
AND EINSTEIN WORRIED
THAT WE MAYBE

274
00:14:55,931 --> 00:14:58,827
DON'T REALLY UNDERSTAND LIGHT
AS CLEARLY AS WE SHOULD.

275
00:14:58,827 --> 00:15:02,448
♪♪

276
00:15:02,448 --> 00:15:03,724
Narrator:
EINSTEIN KNEW THAT,

277
00:15:03,724 --> 00:15:07,310
IF HE COULD UNDERSTAND
THE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT,

278
00:15:07,310 --> 00:15:12,172
THEN HE COULD UNDERSTAND THE WAY
THE UNIVERSE REALLY WORKED.

279
00:15:12,172 --> 00:15:16,896
AND HE DID IT WITH A DECEPTIVELY
SIMPLE THOUGHT EXPERIMENT.

280
00:15:16,896 --> 00:15:18,827
[ TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS ]

281
00:15:18,827 --> 00:15:22,827
HE IMAGINED HIMSELF STANDING
ON A TRAIN PLATFORM,

282
00:15:22,827 --> 00:15:26,172
HOLDING A CLOCK THAT USES LIGHT
TO TELL THE TIME.

283
00:15:26,172 --> 00:15:28,689
♪♪

284
00:15:28,689 --> 00:15:31,655
THE CLOCK TICKS
AS A SINGLE PHOTON OF LIGHT

285
00:15:31,655 --> 00:15:36,068
BOUNCES BACK AND FORTH
BETWEEN TWO MIRRORS.

286
00:15:36,068 --> 00:15:38,758
ON A NEARBY TRAIN,
AN IDENTICAL CLOCK TICKS

287
00:15:38,758 --> 00:15:40,586
AT AN IDENTICAL RATE.

288
00:15:40,586 --> 00:15:42,689
♪♪

289
00:15:42,689 --> 00:15:46,172
EINSTEIN THEN IMAGINED THAT
THE TRAIN STARTS TO PULL AWAY.

290
00:15:46,172 --> 00:15:48,344
♪♪

291
00:15:48,344 --> 00:15:50,862
AND HE REALIZED THAT,
AS IT DID SO,

292
00:15:50,862 --> 00:15:52,724
HE WOULD SEE THE CLOCK
ON THE TRAIN

293
00:15:52,724 --> 00:15:57,034
START TO BEHAVE
VERY DIFFERENTLY.

294
00:15:57,034 --> 00:15:58,482
WHEN THE TRAIN IS MOVING,

295
00:15:58,482 --> 00:16:01,689
AS WELL AS SEEING THE PHOTON
BOUNCING UP AND DOWN,

296
00:16:01,689 --> 00:16:04,862
HE ALSO SEES IT MOVING FORWARDS.

297
00:16:04,862 --> 00:16:07,310
THE PHOTON IS TRAVELING FURTHER,

298
00:16:07,310 --> 00:16:09,586
AND SINCE THE SPEED OF LIGHT
IS CONSTANT,

299
00:16:09,586 --> 00:16:13,000
IT MEANS THAT EACH TICK APPEARS
TO TAKE LONGER.

300
00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:17,620
♪♪

301
00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:19,896
FOR EINSTEIN,
THE EXPLANATION WAS SIMPLE.

302
00:16:19,896 --> 00:16:22,068
♪♪

303
00:16:22,068 --> 00:16:25,586
TIME IS PASSING MORE SLOWLY
ON THE MOVING TRAIN.

304
00:16:25,586 --> 00:16:27,137
♪♪

305
00:16:27,137 --> 00:16:30,517
AND THE FASTER THE TRAIN GOES,

306
00:16:30,517 --> 00:16:32,413
THE SLOWER TIME PASSES.

307
00:16:32,413 --> 00:16:34,931
♪♪

308
00:16:34,931 --> 00:16:38,517
IT WAS A STAGGERING CONCLUSION.

309
00:16:38,517 --> 00:16:43,379
EINSTEIN'S CLAIM WAS THAT TIME
DOES NOT RUN AT A FIXED RATE.

310
00:16:43,379 --> 00:16:45,448
IT IS RELATIVE.

311
00:16:45,448 --> 00:16:50,137
IT CAN SPEED UP AND SLOW DOWN,
DEPENDING ON HOW YOU ARE MOVING.

312
00:16:50,137 --> 00:16:53,448
♪♪

313
00:16:53,448 --> 00:16:57,344
Greene: WE'RE ALL USED TO
AN INTUITIVE NOTION OF TIME,

314
00:16:57,344 --> 00:16:58,862
WHICH TICKS OFF THE SAME

315
00:16:58,862 --> 00:17:01,862
REGARDLESS OF WHERE YOU ARE
OR WHAT YOU'RE DOING,

316
00:17:01,862 --> 00:17:03,034
HOW FAST YOU'RE MOVING.

317
00:17:03,034 --> 00:17:05,206
THAT HAS NO IMPACT ON THE RATE

318
00:17:05,206 --> 00:17:09,172
AT WHICH YOUR CLOCK TICKS
FORWARD SECOND AFTER SECOND.

319
00:17:09,172 --> 00:17:13,689
AND EINSTEIN SAID, "SURE, THAT'S
OUR EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE OF TIME,

320
00:17:13,689 --> 00:17:16,896
BUT THAT EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE
IS COMPLETELY MISLEADING."

321
00:17:16,896 --> 00:17:19,965
♪♪

322
00:17:19,965 --> 00:17:21,517
Narrator:
BUT EINSTEIN'S GENIUS WENT

323
00:17:21,517 --> 00:17:24,793
BEYOND SIMPLE
THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS.

324
00:17:24,793 --> 00:17:28,724
HE WAS ABLE TO BACK
HIS THEORIES UP WITH MATHS.

325
00:17:28,724 --> 00:17:30,655
♪♪

326
00:17:30,655 --> 00:17:32,379
Dijkgraaf:
IN THIS MATHEMATICAL EQUATION,

327
00:17:32,379 --> 00:17:35,206
EINSTEIN WAS ABLE TO CAPTURE
THE EFFECT

328
00:17:35,206 --> 00:17:37,517
OF MOVING CLOCKS SLOWING DOWN.

329
00:17:37,517 --> 00:17:42,068
AND THIS HAS REALLY,
REALLY DRAMATIC EFFECT.

330
00:17:42,068 --> 00:17:43,896
IF YOU LOOK AT THE GRAPH,

331
00:17:43,896 --> 00:17:47,034
YOU SEE THAT, IF THE SPEED
OF THE TRAIN IS SMALL,

332
00:17:47,034 --> 00:17:48,413
COMPARED TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT,

333
00:17:48,413 --> 00:17:50,068
THERE'S BASICALLY NO DIFFERENCE.

334
00:17:50,068 --> 00:17:52,172
THE TWO TIMES ARE EQUIVALENT.

335
00:17:52,172 --> 00:17:54,620
BUT IF YOU GET CLOSER AND CLOSER
TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT,

336
00:17:54,620 --> 00:17:56,103
YOU SEE THIS CURVE
IS SHOOTING UP,

337
00:17:56,103 --> 00:17:58,862
AND THE EFFECT BECOMES
REALLY, REALLY DRAMATIC.

338
00:17:58,862 --> 00:18:04,586
SO, AT 50%, ONE DAY ON THE TRAIN
LASTS 1.15 DAYS ON THE PLATFORM,

339
00:18:04,586 --> 00:18:07,758
AND 75%, IT'S ALREADY 1 1/2 DAY.

340
00:18:07,758 --> 00:18:10,586
AT 99%, IT LASTS A WEEK.

341
00:18:10,586 --> 00:18:13,137
AND IF YOU GET
TO A SPEED OF 99 POINT --

342
00:18:13,137 --> 00:18:15,517
AND, HERE, I ADDED TWELVE 9s --

343
00:18:15,517 --> 00:18:17,310
AS A PERCENTAGE
OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT --

344
00:18:17,310 --> 00:18:19,137
THEN ONE DAY ON THE TRAIN

345
00:18:19,137 --> 00:18:22,586
LASTS 20,000 YEARS
ON THE PLATFORM.

346
00:18:22,586 --> 00:18:24,724
♪♪

347
00:18:24,724 --> 00:18:27,241
Narrator:
THIS TIME-DILATION EFFECT

348
00:18:27,241 --> 00:18:30,655
DOESN'T JUST APPLY
TO EINSTEIN'S LIGHT CLOCKS.

349
00:18:30,655 --> 00:18:33,482
EXACTLY THE SAME
WOULD APPLY TO US,

350
00:18:33,482 --> 00:18:35,551
IF WE COULD TRAVEL FAST ENOUGH.

351
00:18:35,551 --> 00:18:36,896
[ CAMERA SHUTTERS
CLICKING ]

352
00:18:36,896 --> 00:18:41,827
EINSTEIN EXPLAINED IT
BY USING TWINS AS AN EXAMPLE.

353
00:18:41,827 --> 00:18:44,965
HE REASONED THAT,
IF ONE TWIN LEFT THE EARTH

354
00:18:44,965 --> 00:18:48,103
IN A SPACESHIP TRAVELING
AT VERY HIGH SPEED,

355
00:18:48,103 --> 00:18:51,068
THEY WOULD EXPERIENCE TIME
PASSING MORE SLOWLY

356
00:18:51,068 --> 00:18:56,034
AND WOULD AGE MUCH LESS THAN
THEIR TWIN LEFT BEHIND ON EARTH.

357
00:18:56,034 --> 00:18:58,862
IF YOU DO HOP IN THE SPACESHIP
AND MOVE TOWARD THE NEAREST STAR

358
00:18:58,862 --> 00:19:00,827
AT SOME HIGH FRACTION
OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT --

359
00:19:00,827 --> 00:19:02,482
99%, RIGHT? --

360
00:19:02,482 --> 00:19:04,965
TO YOU, IT DOESN'T SEEM
LIKE THAT LONG.

361
00:19:04,965 --> 00:19:07,379
THE DOWNSIDE OF THAT IS THAT,
IF WE CAME BACK,

362
00:19:07,379 --> 00:19:09,413
ALL OF OUR FRIENDS BACK HERE
ON EARTH WOULD BE DEAD

363
00:19:09,413 --> 00:19:11,448
BECAUSE MANY, MANY YEARS
WOULD HAVE PASSED FOR THEM.

364
00:19:11,448 --> 00:19:13,172
♪♪

365
00:19:13,172 --> 00:19:15,793
Narrator: IT SOUNDS LIKE
A CRAZY IDEA,

366
00:19:15,793 --> 00:19:19,965
BUT WE'VE ACTUALLY DONE
THIS EXPERIMENT FOR REAL.

367
00:19:19,965 --> 00:19:22,758
NASA HAVE
IDENTICAL-TWIN ASTRONAUTS --

368
00:19:22,758 --> 00:19:24,896
SCOTT AND MARK KELLY.

369
00:19:24,896 --> 00:19:25,931
WHAT'S THAT?
YOU WANT US TO --

370
00:19:25,931 --> 00:19:27,793
WE ACTUALLY SWITCHED
THE NAME TAGS.

371
00:19:27,793 --> 00:19:30,275
[ LAUGHTER ]ACTUALLY...

372
00:19:30,275 --> 00:19:31,793
Woman: AND ONE OF YOU SHAVED OFF
THE MUSTACHE.

373
00:19:31,793 --> 00:19:32,862
...HE WAS THE GUY
IN SPACE.

374
00:19:32,862 --> 00:19:33,931
♪♪

375
00:19:33,931 --> 00:19:37,137
IN 2015,
SCOTT SPENT A YEAR

376
00:19:37,137 --> 00:19:39,068
ON THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION,

377
00:19:39,068 --> 00:19:42,827
ORBITING AT OVER
25,000 KILOMETERS PER HOUR,

378
00:19:42,827 --> 00:19:45,517
WHILE MARK STAYED
ON THE PLANET BELOW.

379
00:19:45,517 --> 00:19:46,931
WHEN HE RETURNED TO EARTH,

380
00:19:46,931 --> 00:19:49,206
SCOTT WAS YOUNGER
THAN HIS TWIN

381
00:19:49,206 --> 00:19:52,310
BY A FULL FIVE MILLISECONDS.

382
00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:54,000
Levin: IN PRINCIPLE,
TIME DILATION

383
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:55,758
SHOULD HELP US
EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE.

384
00:19:55,758 --> 00:19:59,448
IT WOULD ALLOW US TO TRAVEL
ARBITRARILY LARGE DISTANCES

385
00:19:59,448 --> 00:20:02,137
WITHOUT AGING AND DYING
BEFORE WE GOT THERE.

386
00:20:02,137 --> 00:20:05,379
SO, IN PRINCIPLE,
TIME DILATION IS A BENEFIT.

387
00:20:05,379 --> 00:20:08,827
♪♪

388
00:20:08,827 --> 00:20:11,206
Narrator:
EINSTEIN'S THEORY
OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY

389
00:20:11,206 --> 00:20:13,551
COULD BE THE VITAL STEP
THAT ALLOWS US

390
00:20:13,551 --> 00:20:16,206
TO LEAVE THE EARTH
AND EXPLORE THE COSMOS.

391
00:20:16,206 --> 00:20:19,068
♪♪

392
00:20:19,068 --> 00:20:21,448
BUT TO DO THAT,
WE WOULD NEED TO DEVELOP

393
00:20:21,448 --> 00:20:25,827
A WAY TO TRAVEL AT CLOSE
TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT,

394
00:20:25,827 --> 00:20:27,896
AND THAT IS A CONCEPT
THAT WAS CLOSE

395
00:20:27,896 --> 00:20:30,000
TO STEPHEN HAWKING'S HEART.

396
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:36,758
♪♪

397
00:20:36,758 --> 00:20:40,482
♪♪

398
00:20:40,482 --> 00:20:42,551
Hawking:
GOOD AFTERNOON.

399
00:20:42,551 --> 00:20:46,551
WE ARE HERE TODAY TO TALK
ABOUT BREAKTHROUGH STARSHOT

400
00:20:46,551 --> 00:20:49,517
AND OUR FUTURE IN SPACE.

401
00:20:49,517 --> 00:20:51,379
Narrator: IN 2016,

402
00:20:51,379 --> 00:20:53,896
ALONG WITH INTERNET BILLIONAIRE
YURI MILNER,

403
00:20:53,896 --> 00:20:58,482
HAWKING LAUNCHED A VENTURE
CALLED BREAKTHROUGH STARSHOT.

404
00:20:58,482 --> 00:21:00,344
Hawking: I BELIEVE
WHAT MAKES US UNIQUE

405
00:21:00,344 --> 00:21:03,379
IS TRANSCENDING OUR LIMITS.

406
00:21:03,379 --> 00:21:05,655
THE LIMIT THAT CONFRONTS US NOW

407
00:21:05,655 --> 00:21:09,517
IS THE GREAT VOID
BETWEEN US AND THE STARS.

408
00:21:09,517 --> 00:21:12,862
BUT NOW WE CAN TRANSCEND IT.

409
00:21:12,862 --> 00:21:18,172
TODAY, WE COMMIT TO THIS NEXT
GREAT LEAP INTO THE COSMOS,

410
00:21:18,172 --> 00:21:23,000
BECAUSE WE ARE HUMAN,
AND OUR NATURE IS TO FLY.

411
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:25,103
Narrator: THE AIM
OF BREAKTHROUGH STARSHOT

412
00:21:25,103 --> 00:21:27,344
IS TO DEVELOP
THE FIRST SPACECRAFT

413
00:21:27,344 --> 00:21:31,310
THAT CAN TRAVEL AT A SIGNIFICANT
FRACTION OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

414
00:21:31,310 --> 00:21:36,241
♪♪

415
00:21:36,241 --> 00:21:41,551
♪♪

416
00:21:41,551 --> 00:21:45,103
IN VIRGINIA, AEROSPACE ENGINEER
ZAC MANCHESTER

417
00:21:45,103 --> 00:21:47,862
IS TRYING TO TURN
STEPHEN HAWKING'S DREAM

418
00:21:47,862 --> 00:21:49,482
INTO A REALITY.

419
00:21:49,482 --> 00:21:52,482
♪♪

420
00:21:52,482 --> 00:21:53,724
IN THE '60s,

421
00:21:53,724 --> 00:21:55,586
THE WALLOPS ISLAND
FLIGHT FACILITY

422
00:21:55,586 --> 00:21:57,206
WAS USED TO TEST THE CAPSULES

423
00:21:57,206 --> 00:21:59,517
FOR THE FIRST
MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS

424
00:21:59,517 --> 00:22:01,655
THAT WOULD LEAD THE WAY
TO THE MOON.

425
00:22:04,103 --> 00:22:05,965
John Kennedy:
WE CHOOSE TO GO TO THE MOON.

426
00:22:05,965 --> 00:22:07,172
[ APPLAUSE ]

427
00:22:07,172 --> 00:22:09,896
WE CHOOSE TO GO TO THE MOON
IN THIS DECADE

428
00:22:09,896 --> 00:22:11,482
AND DO THE OTHER THINGS --

429
00:22:11,482 --> 00:22:15,068
NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE EASY,
BUT BECAUSE THEY ARE HARD.

430
00:22:16,620 --> 00:22:18,517
SO, THIS IS THE ANTARES ROCKET

431
00:22:18,517 --> 00:22:20,655
AND, AT THE TOP,
BEHIND THAT AMERICAN FLAG,

432
00:22:20,655 --> 00:22:22,448
IS A VEHICLE CALLED THE CYGNUS.

433
00:22:22,448 --> 00:22:24,965
AT THE BACK OF THE CYGNUS,
IN KIND OF A TRUNK,

434
00:22:24,965 --> 00:22:27,482
WE HAVE A SPACECRAFT
THAT IBUILT.

435
00:22:27,482 --> 00:22:30,344
UNFORTUNATELY, AS YOU CAN TELL,
THE WEATHER'S NOT GREAT

436
00:22:30,344 --> 00:22:33,413
AND THE LAST 2 OR 3 TIMES I'VE
TRIED WATCHING ROCKET LAUNCHES,

437
00:22:33,413 --> 00:22:35,620
IT'S BEEN THE SAME THING.

438
00:22:35,620 --> 00:22:37,103
I'VE NEVER ACTUALLY
GOTTEN TO SEE

439
00:22:37,103 --> 00:22:38,758
SOMETHING I'VE BUILT LAUNCHED.

440
00:22:38,758 --> 00:22:43,172
♪♪

441
00:22:43,172 --> 00:22:46,172
Narrator: ZAC'S SPACECRAFT
WILL BE THE FIRST TEST

442
00:22:46,172 --> 00:22:49,724
OF A COMPLETELY NEW CONCEPT
IN SPACE TRAVEL

443
00:22:49,724 --> 00:22:52,000
AND WILL BRING
STEPHEN HAWKING'S DREAM

444
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:53,275
JUST A LITTLE CLOSER.

445
00:22:53,275 --> 00:22:57,206
♪♪

446
00:22:57,206 --> 00:22:59,172
ON THIS MISSION,
WE'RE TESTING THIS LITTLE GUY.

447
00:22:59,172 --> 00:23:00,413
WE CALL THIS THE SPRITE.

448
00:23:00,413 --> 00:23:03,172
IT'S CURRENTLY THE WORLD'S
SMALLEST SPACECRAFT.

449
00:23:03,172 --> 00:23:06,137
IT'S 3.5 BY 3.5 CENTIMETERS
AND WEIGHS 4 GRAMS.

450
00:23:06,137 --> 00:23:08,241
IT'S BASICALLY JUST
A LITTLE CIRCUIT BOARD.

451
00:23:08,241 --> 00:23:10,344
AND, ON HERE,
WE'VE GOT A TINY COMPUTER

452
00:23:10,344 --> 00:23:11,931
WE CALL A MICROCONTROLLER,

453
00:23:11,931 --> 00:23:13,620
A RADIO TRANSCEIVER,

454
00:23:13,620 --> 00:23:15,827
AN ANTENNA HERE
FOR THE RADIO,

455
00:23:15,827 --> 00:23:17,793
AND A COUPLE OF SENSORS.

456
00:23:17,793 --> 00:23:20,206
SO, THE PLAN HERE,
IF THIS ROCKET FLIES,

457
00:23:20,206 --> 00:23:23,517
IS TO DEPLOY 100 OF THESE
IN LOW EARTH ORBIT.

458
00:23:23,517 --> 00:23:24,862
THEY'RE GONNA NETWORK
WITH EACH OTHER,

459
00:23:24,862 --> 00:23:26,586
TALK TO EACH OTHER,
AND THEN TRANSMIT

460
00:23:26,586 --> 00:23:28,689
A BUNCH OF SENSOR DATA
BACK DOWN TO THE GROUND.

461
00:23:28,689 --> 00:23:30,965
♪♪

462
00:23:30,965 --> 00:23:34,241
Narrator: IF IT IS SUCCESSFUL,
WITHIN A FEW YEARS,

463
00:23:34,241 --> 00:23:38,103
WE COULD BE SENDING SPRITES
LIKE THESE ACROSS THE UNIVERSE,

464
00:23:38,103 --> 00:23:40,241
TRAVELING 1,000 TIMES FASTER

465
00:23:40,241 --> 00:23:42,241
THAN ANYTHING
WE HAVE BUILT BEFORE.

466
00:23:42,241 --> 00:23:44,344
♪♪

467
00:23:44,344 --> 00:23:46,206
[ SQUAWKING ]

468
00:23:46,206 --> 00:23:48,758
EVENTUALLY, WE'D LIKE TO BE ABLE
TO SEND SPACECRAFT

469
00:23:48,758 --> 00:23:51,172
OUT TO OUR NEIGHBORING
SOLAR SYSTEMS -- RIGHT? --

470
00:23:51,172 --> 00:23:52,551
OUT TO THE STARS.

471
00:23:52,551 --> 00:23:56,172
AND THE CLOSEST STAR TO US
IS CALLED PROXIMA CENTAURI.

472
00:23:56,172 --> 00:23:59,793
BUT PROXIMA CENTAURI IS
4 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY FROM US,

473
00:23:59,793 --> 00:24:01,172
AND WITH CONVENTIONAL ROCKETS,

474
00:24:01,172 --> 00:24:03,758
IT MIGHT TAKE US 10,000 YEARS
TO GET THERE.

475
00:24:03,758 --> 00:24:06,344
SO WE HAVE IN MIND
A DIFFERENT PLAN.

476
00:24:06,344 --> 00:24:09,379
WE'RE GONNA BUILD A GIANT LASER
ON THE GROUND.

477
00:24:09,379 --> 00:24:11,517
THIS LASER WOULD BE
A KILOMETER ACROSS

478
00:24:11,517 --> 00:24:15,172
AND HAVE 100 GIGAWATTS OF POWER.

479
00:24:15,172 --> 00:24:17,206
AND THEN WE'RE GONNA BUILD
A REALLY, REALLY SMALL,

480
00:24:17,206 --> 00:24:20,275
LIGHTWEIGHT SPACECRAFT
TO RIDE ON IT.

481
00:24:20,275 --> 00:24:23,896
IF WE PUSH A SPRITE
WITH THIS 100-GIGAWATT LASER,

482
00:24:23,896 --> 00:24:26,000
WE CAN ACCELERATE IT
ABOUT AS FAST

483
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:27,724
AS A SHELL
COMING OUT OF A CANNON --

484
00:24:27,724 --> 00:24:29,517
60,000 G's.

485
00:24:29,517 --> 00:24:30,965
AND, WITHIN A FEW MINUTES,

486
00:24:30,965 --> 00:24:33,551
WE COULD PUSH THIS UP
TO 20% THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

487
00:24:33,551 --> 00:24:39,448
♪♪

488
00:24:39,448 --> 00:24:41,724
Narrator:
AT 20% THE SPEED OF LIGHT,

489
00:24:41,724 --> 00:24:44,827
THE TIME-DILATION EFFECTS
DESCRIBED BY EINSTEIN

490
00:24:44,827 --> 00:24:46,379
START TO COME INTO PLAY.

491
00:24:46,379 --> 00:24:49,379
♪♪

492
00:24:49,379 --> 00:24:52,413
TIME WOULD TRAVEL MORE SLOWLY
ON THE SPACECRAFT

493
00:24:52,413 --> 00:24:55,000
THAN IT DOES
FOR OBSERVERS ON EARTH,

494
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:59,206
WHO WOULD BE WAITING A LONG TIME
TO SEE THE RESULTS.

495
00:24:59,206 --> 00:25:00,586
Manchester: KEEP IN MIND,
AT 4 LIGHT-YEARS,

496
00:25:00,586 --> 00:25:03,517
IT TAKES THE SIGNALS FOUR YEARS
TO GET BACK TO EARTH.

497
00:25:03,517 --> 00:25:06,241
SO, ALTOGETHER, THIS MISSION
MIGHT TAKE 25 YEARS.

498
00:25:06,241 --> 00:25:08,034
THAT'S NOT ACTUALLY THAT LONG,
COMPARED TO MISSIONS

499
00:25:08,034 --> 00:25:09,758
WE'VE SENT TO THE OUTER
SOLAR SYSTEM ALREADY.

500
00:25:09,758 --> 00:25:14,344
♪♪

501
00:25:14,344 --> 00:25:16,137
Man: THIS IS MISSION CONTROL,
HOUSTON.

502
00:25:16,137 --> 00:25:20,275
EVERYTHING IS SET, READY TO GO
FOR AN ON-TIME LAUNCH TODAY.

503
00:25:20,275 --> 00:25:22,931
Narrator:
A FEW HOURS LATER,
THE CLOUDS CLEARED

504
00:25:22,931 --> 00:25:25,206
AND THE ROCKET
TOOK TO THE SKIES.

505
00:25:25,206 --> 00:25:29,689
Man: 3, 2, 1...

506
00:25:29,689 --> 00:25:32,068
LAUNCH HAS BEEN INITIATED.

507
00:25:32,068 --> 00:25:34,758
Man
OF THE NG-10 MISSION,

508
00:25:34,758 --> 00:25:36,413
TAKING CYGNUS
TO THE ISS.

509
00:25:36,413 --> 00:25:38,896
♪♪

510
00:25:38,896 --> 00:25:39,965
Narrator: AND WITH IT,

511
00:25:39,965 --> 00:25:42,517
WE MAY HAVE TAKEN
OUR FIRST GIANT LEAP

512
00:25:42,517 --> 00:25:45,172
TOWARDS THE STARS,

513
00:25:45,172 --> 00:25:47,586
A JOURNEY THAT MAY,
ONE DAY, ALLOW US

514
00:25:47,586 --> 00:25:51,413
TO SEND HUMAN EXPLORERS
INTO THE UNIVERSE,

515
00:25:51,413 --> 00:25:54,655
A JOURNEY CHAMPIONED
BY STEPHEN HAWKING

516
00:25:54,655 --> 00:25:57,000
AND INSPIRED
BY ALBERT EINSTEIN.

517
00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:05,172
♪♪

518
00:26:05,172 --> 00:26:11,068
♪♪

519
00:26:11,068 --> 00:26:12,655
IN 1909,

520
00:26:12,655 --> 00:26:15,137
EINSTEIN'S REPUTATION
WAS GROWING

521
00:26:15,137 --> 00:26:18,034
AND HE WAS MADE A PROFESSOR
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH.

522
00:26:18,034 --> 00:26:21,241
♪♪

523
00:26:21,241 --> 00:26:24,931
IT WAS HERE HE SET TO WORK
ON THE NEXT STAGE OF HIS MISSION

524
00:26:24,931 --> 00:26:27,827
TO REVOLUTIONIZE OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE.

525
00:26:27,827 --> 00:26:29,931
♪♪

526
00:26:29,931 --> 00:26:33,896
HE WAS GOING TO REWRITE
THE LAWS OF GRAVITY

527
00:26:33,896 --> 00:26:37,241
WITH HIS NEW THEORY
OF GENERAL RELATIVITY.

528
00:26:37,241 --> 00:26:41,931
♪♪

529
00:26:41,931 --> 00:26:44,517
EINSTEIN KNEW
THAT SPACE AND TIME

530
00:26:44,517 --> 00:26:48,241
WERE PART
OF THE SAME STRUCTURE,

531
00:26:48,241 --> 00:26:50,241
THAT THE WHOLE UNIVERSE
WAS FILLED

532
00:26:50,241 --> 00:26:52,379
WITH A FOUR-DIMENSIONAL FABRIC,

533
00:26:52,379 --> 00:26:58,103
WHICH COMBINED TIME WITH THE
THREE DIMENSIONS OF SPACE.

534
00:26:58,103 --> 00:27:00,586
IT WAS CALLED SPACE-TIME

535
00:27:00,586 --> 00:27:03,724
AND EINSTEIN REALIZED
ITS KEY FEATURE

536
00:27:03,724 --> 00:27:06,551
WAS THAT IT COULD BEND
AND FLEX.

537
00:27:06,551 --> 00:27:10,862
♪♪

538
00:27:10,862 --> 00:27:13,034
Hawking: EINSTEIN HAD
A STROKE OF GENIUS

539
00:27:13,034 --> 00:27:16,275
WHEN HE SAW
THAT GENERAL RELATIVITY

540
00:27:16,275 --> 00:27:19,034
RELATES TO THE CURVATURE
OF SPACE-TIME,

541
00:27:19,034 --> 00:27:23,310
SO GENERAL RELATIVITY
GIVES SPACE AND TIME A SHAPE.

542
00:27:23,310 --> 00:27:26,344
♪♪

543
00:27:26,344 --> 00:27:28,034
EINSTEIN'S BASIC IDEA
IS THAT WE NEED

544
00:27:28,034 --> 00:27:31,724
TO THINK OF SPACE KIND OF
LIKE A FABRIC

545
00:27:31,724 --> 00:27:33,758
AND THAT FABRIC IS NICE AND FLAT

546
00:27:33,758 --> 00:27:35,310
WHEN THERE'S NO MATTER
OR ENERGY,

547
00:27:35,310 --> 00:27:38,172
WHICH MEANS THAT OBJECTS
MOVING THROUGH SPACE

548
00:27:38,172 --> 00:27:40,379
WILL MOVE IN A NICE,
STRAIGHT TRAJECTORY.

549
00:27:40,379 --> 00:27:43,172
NOTHING TOO COMPLICATED
ABOUT THAT AT ALL.

550
00:27:43,172 --> 00:27:47,172
BUT THEN THE KEY IDEA IS THAT
IF WE HAVE A MASSIVE OBJECT,

551
00:27:47,172 --> 00:27:49,620
LIKE THE SUN, IN SPACE,

552
00:27:49,620 --> 00:27:52,689
MERELY BY VIRTUE OF BEING
WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT,

553
00:27:52,689 --> 00:27:55,551
THIS MASSIVE OBJECT
WILL WARP THE FABRIC.

554
00:27:55,551 --> 00:27:58,310
AND THEN ANOTHER OBJECT --
THINK OF IT LIKE A PLANET...

555
00:27:58,310 --> 00:28:00,241
♪♪

556
00:28:00,241 --> 00:28:03,586
WILL NOW GO
INTO A NICE CURVED TRAJECTORY,

557
00:28:03,586 --> 00:28:05,206
WILL GO INTO ORBIT...

558
00:28:05,206 --> 00:28:08,000
♪♪

559
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:09,827
BECAUSE IT'S ROLLING
ALONG A VALLEY

560
00:28:09,827 --> 00:28:13,896
IN THE CURVED ENVIRONMENT
THAT THE SUN CREATES.

561
00:28:13,896 --> 00:28:19,965
♪♪

562
00:28:19,965 --> 00:28:23,206
AND THAT'S THE WAY
THE FORCE OF GRAVITY WORKS --

563
00:28:23,206 --> 00:28:25,482
SPACE ITSELF PUSHING PLANETS

564
00:28:25,482 --> 00:28:28,862
TO GO INTO THESE NICE,
CURVED TRAJECTORIES.

565
00:28:28,862 --> 00:28:31,827
♪♪

566
00:28:31,827 --> 00:28:35,482
THIS, IN ESSENCE,
IS THE ESSENTIAL IDEA

567
00:28:35,482 --> 00:28:38,551
OF EINSTEIN'S GENERAL THEORY
OF RELATIVITY.

568
00:28:38,551 --> 00:28:45,034
♪♪

569
00:28:45,034 --> 00:28:47,896
Narrator:
IT SEEMS A SIMPLE CONCEPT,

570
00:28:47,896 --> 00:28:51,862
EASY TO VISUALIZE
IN TWO DIMENSIONS,

571
00:28:51,862 --> 00:28:56,068
BUT SPACE ISN'T
A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FABRIC.

572
00:28:56,068 --> 00:29:00,137
IT'S NOT EVEN
IN THREE DIMENSIONS.

573
00:29:00,137 --> 00:29:03,344
IT'S A WARPED
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL FABRIC

574
00:29:03,344 --> 00:29:05,344
THAT CREATES COMPLEX SHAPES

575
00:29:05,344 --> 00:29:08,482
THAT ARE SEEMINGLY IMPOSSIBLE
FOR HUMANS TO VISUALIZE.

576
00:29:08,482 --> 00:29:12,448
♪♪

577
00:29:12,448 --> 00:29:16,068
ONCE AGAIN,
TO COMPLETE HIS THEORY,

578
00:29:16,068 --> 00:29:18,310
EINSTEIN USED MATHS.

579
00:29:19,655 --> 00:29:23,965
SO, EINSTEIN IS FINALLY ABLE
TO CAPTURE THE CURVATURE

580
00:29:23,965 --> 00:29:26,827
OF SPACE AND TIME
IN A MATHEMATICAL EQUATION,

581
00:29:26,827 --> 00:29:30,068
AND IT'S QUITE A BEAUTIFUL
AND ELEGANT EQUATION.

582
00:29:30,068 --> 00:29:32,793
ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE
IS THE CURVATURE,

583
00:29:32,793 --> 00:29:34,827
THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE-TIME.

584
00:29:34,827 --> 00:29:36,241
ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE

585
00:29:36,241 --> 00:29:39,379
IS THE DISTRIBUTION
OF ENERGY AND MATTER.

586
00:29:39,379 --> 00:29:42,000
BASICALLY, ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE
IS MATHEMATICS.

587
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,793
ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE
IS PHYSICS.

588
00:29:43,793 --> 00:29:45,172
AND IT'S QUITE REMARKABLE

589
00:29:45,172 --> 00:29:47,931
THAT BOTH ARE CONNECTED
IN ONE EQUATION.

590
00:29:47,931 --> 00:29:49,965
AND THE WAY TO READ
THIS EQUATION

591
00:29:49,965 --> 00:29:54,482
IS THAT MATTER TELLS
SPACE-TIME HOW TO CURVE,

592
00:29:54,482 --> 00:29:59,379
AND SPACE-TIME TELLS MATTER
HOW TO MOVE.

593
00:29:59,379 --> 00:30:02,137
I THINK IT'S JUST ONE
OF THOSE REMINDERS

594
00:30:02,137 --> 00:30:04,862
ABOUT HOW REALLY ELEGANT
AND SIMPLE

595
00:30:04,862 --> 00:30:07,068
THE UNIVERSE IS AT ITS HEART.

596
00:30:07,068 --> 00:30:10,103
♪♪

597
00:30:10,103 --> 00:30:14,965
Narrator:
HOWEVER, WHEN EINSTEIN
PUBLISHED HIS PAPER IN 1915,

598
00:30:14,965 --> 00:30:17,758
ALMOST NO ONE TOOK ANY NOTICE.

599
00:30:17,758 --> 00:30:24,758
♪♪

600
00:30:24,758 --> 00:30:26,724
BY THAT POINT,
EUROPE HAD BEEN ENGULFED

601
00:30:26,724 --> 00:30:28,551
BY WORLD WAR
FOR MORE THAN A YEAR.

602
00:30:28,551 --> 00:30:31,482
[ EXPLOSIONS ]

603
00:30:31,482 --> 00:30:33,103
COMMUNICATION LINES
HAD BEEN SEVERED

604
00:30:33,103 --> 00:30:35,551
BETWEEN, FOR EXAMPLE,
BRITAIN AND GERMANY.

605
00:30:35,551 --> 00:30:37,413
TRENCH WARFARE HAD DUG IN.

606
00:30:37,413 --> 00:30:40,379
THE WAR LOOKED INTERMINABLE.

607
00:30:40,379 --> 00:30:42,137
SO IT WAS NOT, AT FIRST,

608
00:30:42,137 --> 00:30:44,517
SEEN AS ANY PARTICULAR
GREAT BREAKTHROUGH,

609
00:30:44,517 --> 00:30:46,241
PARTLY BECAUSE MANY PEOPLE
HAD DIFFICULTY

610
00:30:46,241 --> 00:30:47,724
LEARNING THE NEWS AT ALL.

611
00:30:47,724 --> 00:30:51,172
♪♪

612
00:30:51,172 --> 00:30:54,310
Narrator: EINSTEIN'S THEORY
MAY HAVE BEEN LOST FOR DECADES,

613
00:30:54,310 --> 00:30:56,241
IF IT HAD NOT BEEN FOR THE WORK

614
00:30:56,241 --> 00:30:58,620
OF A PIONEERING
ENGLISH ASTRONOMER --

615
00:30:58,620 --> 00:31:00,206
ARTHUR EDDINGTON.

616
00:31:00,206 --> 00:31:05,655
♪♪

617
00:31:05,655 --> 00:31:07,172
IN 1919,

618
00:31:07,172 --> 00:31:09,413
EDDINGTON TOOK A TELESCOPE
TO THE TROPICAL ISLAND

619
00:31:09,413 --> 00:31:12,172
OF PRíNCIPE,
IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN,

620
00:31:12,172 --> 00:31:15,965
TO PHOTOGRAPH A SOLAR ECLIPSE.

621
00:31:15,965 --> 00:31:18,724
EINSTEIN'S THEORY PREDICTED
THE PASSAGE OF LIGHT

622
00:31:18,724 --> 00:31:22,448
WOULD ALSO BE AFFECTED
BY THE WARPING OF SPACE-TIME

623
00:31:22,448 --> 00:31:24,862
AND THAT MASSIVE OBJECTS,
LIKE OUR SUN,

624
00:31:24,862 --> 00:31:27,241
COULD ACT LIKE
A MAGNIFYING GLASS

625
00:31:27,241 --> 00:31:30,655
BY BENDING LIGHT AROUND THEM.

626
00:31:30,655 --> 00:31:33,275
THE PHOTOS EDDINGTON TOOK
OF THE ECLIPSE

627
00:31:33,275 --> 00:31:35,931
SHOWED THAT STARS
IN THE HYADES CLUSTER

628
00:31:35,931 --> 00:31:39,896
APPEARED TO BE
IN THE WRONG POSITIONS.

629
00:31:39,896 --> 00:31:43,241
THE LIGHT COMING FROM THEM
HAD BEEN BENT.

630
00:31:43,241 --> 00:31:47,448
♪♪

631
00:31:47,448 --> 00:31:50,275
EINSTEIN'S THEORY WAS PROVED

632
00:31:50,275 --> 00:31:54,000
AND, THIS TIME,
THE TIMING WAS PERFECT.

633
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,172
Kaiser: THE NEXT DAY, EINSTEIN
IS A WORLDWIDE CELEBRITY.

634
00:31:57,172 --> 00:31:59,724
THERE ARE FAMOUS
FRONT-PAGE STORIES ABOUT THIS

635
00:31:59,724 --> 00:32:01,758
IN THE LONDON TIMES,
IN THE NEW YORK TIMES,

636
00:32:01,758 --> 00:32:05,068
IN INDIA, IN JAPAN.

637
00:32:05,068 --> 00:32:07,482
IT'S REALLY THAT ANNOUNCEMENT,
IN NOVEMBER 1919,

638
00:32:07,482 --> 00:32:09,551
THAT MAKES EINSTEIN
THE CHARACTER

639
00:32:09,551 --> 00:32:11,551
THAT WE'VE COME TO SEEM
SO FAMILIAR TO US.

640
00:32:11,551 --> 00:32:13,793
♪♪

641
00:32:13,793 --> 00:32:15,965
THAT'S WHY WE CAN BUY T-SHIRTS
AND COFFEE MUGS

642
00:32:15,965 --> 00:32:17,655
AND ALL KINDS OF SWAG

643
00:32:17,655 --> 00:32:18,862
WITH EINSTEIN'S FACE.

644
00:32:18,862 --> 00:32:20,862
♪♪

645
00:32:20,862 --> 00:32:25,482
Narrator:
EINSTEIN HAD BECOME
A WORLDWIDE CELEBRITY,

646
00:32:25,482 --> 00:32:29,482
THE MOST INSTANTLY RECOGNIZABLE
SCIENTIST TO HAVE EVER LIVED.

647
00:32:29,482 --> 00:32:32,965
♪♪

648
00:32:32,965 --> 00:32:34,586
WITH HIS THEORY OF A UNIVERSE

649
00:32:34,586 --> 00:32:38,103
CONSTRUCTED
OF WARPED SPACE-TIME,

650
00:32:38,103 --> 00:32:40,655
ALBERT EINSTEIN HAD TRANSFORMED

651
00:32:40,655 --> 00:32:42,620
OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF THE COSMOS.

652
00:32:42,620 --> 00:32:45,241
♪♪

653
00:32:45,241 --> 00:32:47,413
[ CLOCKS TICKING ]

654
00:32:47,413 --> 00:32:49,758
AND, IN THE 1960s AND '70s,

655
00:32:49,758 --> 00:32:53,620
A GROUP OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS,
INCLUDING STEPHEN HAWKING,

656
00:32:53,620 --> 00:32:56,068
STARTED USING THOSE IDEAS
TO EXPLAIN

657
00:32:56,068 --> 00:33:00,758
THE MOST EXTREME PHENOMENA
IN THE UNIVERSE.

658
00:33:00,758 --> 00:33:02,448
EINSTEIN INVENTED HIS THEORY
OF GENERAL RELATIVITY

659
00:33:02,448 --> 00:33:04,344
BACK IN 1915, RIGHT?

660
00:33:04,344 --> 00:33:06,275
BUT IT WAS STILL KIND OF
A TINY, LITTLE PART

661
00:33:06,275 --> 00:33:08,241
OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS
FOR A LONG TIME.

662
00:33:08,241 --> 00:33:10,275
IT WASN'T UNTIL THE 1960s,

663
00:33:10,275 --> 00:33:12,000
WHEN PEOPLE LIKE
STEPHEN HAWKING

664
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:14,275
REALLY TRAINED
THEIR MATHEMATICAL MUSCLES

665
00:33:14,275 --> 00:33:16,758
ON UNDERSTANDING
HOW GENERAL RELATIVITY WORKS,

666
00:33:16,758 --> 00:33:18,758
THAT WE UNDERSTOOD
ALL SORTS OF FEATURES

667
00:33:18,758 --> 00:33:21,068
OF THE THEORY
THAT EINSTEIN NEVER KNEW.

668
00:33:21,068 --> 00:33:23,310
WHEN I FIRST MET STEPHEN,

669
00:33:23,310 --> 00:33:28,551
I THINK IT WAS IN JUNE OF 1965.

670
00:33:28,551 --> 00:33:33,413
HE WAS IN THE MIDST
OF HIS PhD WORK AT THE TIME.

671
00:33:33,413 --> 00:33:37,413
HE WAS WALKING WITH A CANE.

672
00:33:37,413 --> 00:33:41,655
HIS SPEECH WAS MILDLY AFFECTED,
BUT NOT STRONGLY AFFECTED.

673
00:33:41,655 --> 00:33:46,827
HE GAVE A SEMINAR
ABOUT HIS RESEARCH.

674
00:33:46,827 --> 00:33:51,310
♪♪

675
00:33:51,310 --> 00:33:56,000
HE HELD FORTH DESCRIBING
HIS INSIGHTS

676
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,758
ABOUT THE BIRTH OF THE UNIVERSE.

677
00:33:58,758 --> 00:34:02,241
♪♪

678
00:34:02,241 --> 00:34:04,655
THERE WAS SPECULATION
THAT THERE WAS A BIG BANG,

679
00:34:04,655 --> 00:34:07,931
BASED ON OBSERVATIONS,
BUT NO REAL PROOF,

680
00:34:07,931 --> 00:34:11,034
AND STEPHEN WAS ABLE TO DO
THE MATHEMATICS

681
00:34:11,034 --> 00:34:14,655
TO GIVE A FIRM PROOF
THAT THIS HAD TO HAVE BEEN.

682
00:34:14,655 --> 00:34:21,344
♪♪

683
00:34:21,344 --> 00:34:27,896
♪♪

684
00:34:27,896 --> 00:34:31,655
Narrator:
THE BIG BANG THEORY
HAD BEEN RAGING FOR DECADES.

685
00:34:31,655 --> 00:34:34,551
IT HAD STARTED SOON
AFTER EINSTEIN HAD GIVEN

686
00:34:34,551 --> 00:34:38,379
HIS THEORY OF GENERAL
RELATIVITY TO THE WORLD.

687
00:34:38,379 --> 00:34:40,551
THIS IS ONE OF THE WONDERFUL
THINGS ABOUT PHYSICS,

688
00:34:40,551 --> 00:34:43,655
IS THAT, ONCE YOU INVENT
A CORRECT THEORY OF PHYSICS,

689
00:34:43,655 --> 00:34:45,034
YOU DON'T OWN IT ANYMORE.

690
00:34:45,034 --> 00:34:47,137
THE THEORY IS
OUT THERE, RIGHT?

691
00:34:47,137 --> 00:34:48,517
IT'S NOT LIKE WRITING A NOVEL,

692
00:34:48,517 --> 00:34:50,241
WHERE IT'S YOUR NOVEL,
ONCE AND FOREVER.

693
00:34:50,241 --> 00:34:52,172
ONCE EINSTEIN INVENTS
HIS THEORY,

694
00:34:52,172 --> 00:34:53,689
I THINK, ACTUALLY,
THERE'S NO QUESTION

695
00:34:53,689 --> 00:34:56,931
THAT MANY PEOPLE HAVE UNDERSTOOD
AND USED EINSTEIN'S EQUATIONS

696
00:34:56,931 --> 00:34:58,000
BETTER THAN HE DID.

697
00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:03,137
♪♪

698
00:35:03,137 --> 00:35:07,655
Narrator:
ONCE OTHER PEOPLE STARTED
EXPLORING EINSTEIN'S THEORY,

699
00:35:07,655 --> 00:35:11,448
THEY FOUND IT WAS MORE POWERFUL
THAN HE HAD EVER IMAGINED.

700
00:35:11,448 --> 00:35:13,689
[ WIND WHISTLING ]

701
00:35:13,689 --> 00:35:17,275
♪♪

702
00:35:17,275 --> 00:35:20,965
IT DIDN'T JUST TELL US ABOUT THE
STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE.

703
00:35:20,965 --> 00:35:23,862
IT COULD ALSO TELL US
ITS HISTORY.

704
00:35:23,862 --> 00:35:27,655
♪♪

705
00:35:27,655 --> 00:35:31,551
BY 1927, A CATHOLIC PRIEST
AND MATHEMATICIAN

706
00:35:31,551 --> 00:35:33,068
CALLED GEORGES LEMAîTRA

707
00:35:33,068 --> 00:35:36,034
WANTED TO KNOW WHAT
EINSTEIN'S EQUATIONS SAID

708
00:35:36,034 --> 00:35:38,586
ABOUT THE SHAPE
OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE.

709
00:35:38,586 --> 00:35:40,827
♪♪

710
00:35:40,827 --> 00:35:43,000
TO DO THAT, HE NEEDED TO KNOW

711
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,724
WHERE ALL THE MASS
IN THE UNIVERSE WAS LOCATED.

712
00:35:45,724 --> 00:35:49,344
♪♪

713
00:35:49,344 --> 00:35:52,103
Oluseyi: THE EASIEST WAY TO WORK
WITH THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE

714
00:35:52,103 --> 00:35:56,068
IS TO MAKE A BIG ASSUMPTION.

715
00:35:56,068 --> 00:35:59,172
AND THAT IS THAT THE MASS
OF THE UNIVERSE

716
00:35:59,172 --> 00:36:01,793
IS PRETTY MUCH
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED.

717
00:36:01,793 --> 00:36:04,448
EVERY PATCH OF THE UNIVERSE
IS LIKE EVERY OTHER,

718
00:36:04,448 --> 00:36:06,413
KIND OF LIKE THIS FIELD
OF SAND DUNES

719
00:36:06,413 --> 00:36:08,551
STRETCHING OUT BEHIND US.

720
00:36:08,551 --> 00:36:12,896
ONE PATCH OF SAND IS SIMILAR
TO ANY OTHER PATCH OF SAND.

721
00:36:12,896 --> 00:36:14,896
AND BASED ON WHAT
WE'VE OBSERVED,

722
00:36:14,896 --> 00:36:16,689
THAT'S A VERY GOOD ASSUMPTION,

723
00:36:16,689 --> 00:36:18,551
BECAUSE ON THE LARGER SCALES,

724
00:36:18,551 --> 00:36:22,551
THE GALAXIES OF THE UNIVERSE
ARE UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED.

725
00:36:22,551 --> 00:36:27,137
♪♪

726
00:36:27,137 --> 00:36:29,517
Narrator: BUT WHEN LEMAîTRA PUT
HIS MONOTONOUS UNIVERSE

727
00:36:29,517 --> 00:36:31,586
THROUGH EINSTEIN'S EQUATIONS,

728
00:36:31,586 --> 00:36:35,172
HE MADE
A VERY SURPRISING DISCOVERY.

729
00:36:35,172 --> 00:36:40,517
WHATEVER VALUES HE PUT IN,
THERE WERE NO STABLE SOLUTIONS.

730
00:36:40,517 --> 00:36:43,034
THE UNIVERSE
WAS EITHER CONTRACTING

731
00:36:43,034 --> 00:36:47,413
OR, MORE LIKELY, EXPANDING.

732
00:36:47,413 --> 00:36:51,000
Oluseyi: LEMAîTRA'S WORK HAD
ENORMOUS IMPLICATIONS.

733
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:53,896
THE UNIVERSE IS GROWING.

734
00:36:53,896 --> 00:36:55,551
BUT IF WE RUN THE CLOCK
BACKWARDS,

735
00:36:55,551 --> 00:36:57,206
WE SEE THAT, IN THE PAST...[ AIR HISSING ]

736
00:36:57,206 --> 00:37:00,344
...THE UNIVERSE
MUST HAVE BEEN SMALLER.

737
00:37:00,344 --> 00:37:01,965
AND LEMAîTRA REALIZED

738
00:37:01,965 --> 00:37:04,344
THAT IF YOU RUN THE CLOCK
BACKWARDS FAR ENOUGH,

739
00:37:04,344 --> 00:37:05,965
ALL OF THE MATTER
IN THE UNIVERSE

740
00:37:05,965 --> 00:37:08,655
WOULD HAVE BEEN CONCENTRATED
INTO A SINGLE POINT.

741
00:37:08,655 --> 00:37:11,482
LEMAîTRA CALLED THIS
THE COSMIC EGG,

742
00:37:11,482 --> 00:37:14,206
AND THAT REPRESENTED
THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE.

743
00:37:14,206 --> 00:37:17,965
TODAY, WE CALL IT THE BIG BANG.

744
00:37:17,965 --> 00:37:19,482
[ POPS ]

745
00:37:24,586 --> 00:37:26,827
Narrator:
BY DISCOVERING THE BIG BANG,

746
00:37:26,827 --> 00:37:29,448
LEMAîTRA, THE CATHOLIC PRIEST,

747
00:37:29,448 --> 00:37:33,655
HAD GIVEN THE UNIVERSE
A MOMENT OF CREATION.

748
00:37:33,655 --> 00:37:36,655
LOTS OF PEOPLE HATED THIS IDEA.

749
00:37:36,655 --> 00:37:40,137
ONE OF THEM WAS ALBERT EINSTEIN.

750
00:37:40,137 --> 00:37:43,724
Greene: EINSTEIN,
LIKE MOST EVERYBODY ELSE,

751
00:37:43,724 --> 00:37:47,517
HAD HIDDEN SUPPOSITIONS

752
00:37:47,517 --> 00:37:51,241
ABOUT WHAT THEY CONSIDERED
TO BE NATURAL IN THE UNIVERSE,

753
00:37:51,241 --> 00:37:54,413
WHAT THEY CONSIDERED
TO BE SENSIBLE.

754
00:37:54,413 --> 00:37:56,862
ALL OF THE WORLD'S
GREATEST ASTRONOMERS

755
00:37:56,862 --> 00:37:59,586
AND COSMOLOGISTS
WERE ABSOLUTELY CONVINCED

756
00:37:59,586 --> 00:38:02,034
THAT WE LIVED
IN A STATIC UNIVERSE --

757
00:38:02,034 --> 00:38:04,034
NO EXPANSION, NO CONTRACTION.

758
00:38:04,034 --> 00:38:07,068
THE UNIVERSE,
UNLIKE OTHER THINGS,

759
00:38:07,068 --> 00:38:10,689
WOULDN'T HAVE A BEGINNING
AND A MIDDLE AND AN END.

760
00:38:10,689 --> 00:38:12,517
BECAUSE ONCE ONE HAS
A BEGINNING, ONE MUST ASK,

761
00:38:12,517 --> 00:38:13,896
"WHAT HAPPENED
BEFORE THE BEGINNING?"

762
00:38:13,896 --> 00:38:16,068
OR "WHAT CAUSED THINGS
TO START?"

763
00:38:16,068 --> 00:38:18,275
AND EINSTEIN THOUGHT, "LET'S
AVOID THAT ENTIRE DISCUSSION

764
00:38:18,275 --> 00:38:19,482
BY SAYING
THERE WAS NO BEGINNING.

765
00:38:19,482 --> 00:38:22,413
THERE ALWAYS WAS
AND ALWAYS SHALL BE A UNIVERSE."

766
00:38:22,413 --> 00:38:25,275
AND WHEN HIS EQUATION SEEMED
TO SUGGEST THAT THE UNIVERSE,

767
00:38:25,275 --> 00:38:26,758
MUCH LIKE EVERYTHING ELSE,

768
00:38:26,758 --> 00:38:29,206
EVOLVES AND CHANGES
AND MAY HAVE HAD A BEGINNING

769
00:38:29,206 --> 00:38:31,379
AND -- WHO KNOWS? --
MAY HAVE AN END,

770
00:38:31,379 --> 00:38:34,448
HE RESISTED IT.

771
00:38:34,448 --> 00:38:37,586
Narrator: THE BIG QUESTION
OF THE 1920s

772
00:38:37,586 --> 00:38:40,000
WAS, "WHICH UNIVERSE
DID WE LIVE IN?"

773
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:42,689
LEMAîTRA'S EXPANDING UNIVERSE,

774
00:38:42,689 --> 00:38:45,241
OR EINSTEIN'S STABLE ONE?

775
00:38:45,241 --> 00:38:54,379
♪♪

776
00:38:54,379 --> 00:38:57,448
Narrator: THE ANSWER CAME
IN 1929

777
00:38:57,448 --> 00:39:00,586
FROM WHAT WAS THEN THE LARGEST
TELESCOPE IN THE WORLD,

778
00:39:00,586 --> 00:39:02,965
ON MOUNT WILSON,
NEAR LOS ANGELES.

779
00:39:04,551 --> 00:39:06,724
AMERICAN ASTRONOMER EDWIN HUBBLE

780
00:39:06,724 --> 00:39:09,000
HAD BEEN STUDYING
DISTANT GALAXIES

781
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:11,586
AND HAD DISCOVERED
THAT NEARLY ALL OF THEM

782
00:39:11,586 --> 00:39:14,482
WERE MOVING AWAY FROM US.

783
00:39:14,482 --> 00:39:20,275
THE FURTHER AWAY THEY WERE,
THE FASTER THEY WERE RECEDING.

784
00:39:20,275 --> 00:39:25,620
IT WAS COMPREHENSIVE PROOF
THAT THE UNIVERSE WAS EXPANDING.

785
00:39:25,620 --> 00:39:27,103
AND AT THAT MOMENT,

786
00:39:27,103 --> 00:39:30,034
EINSTEIN KIND OF HITS HIMSELF
IN THE HEAD

787
00:39:30,034 --> 00:39:32,000
AND SAYS TO HIMSELF, LIKE,

788
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,275
"WHY DIDN'T I BELIEVE
WHAT THE EQUATIONS

789
00:39:34,275 --> 00:39:36,172
OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
WERE SAYING?"

790
00:39:36,172 --> 00:39:38,482
IN PRINCIPLE,
HE COULD HAVE PREDICTED THIS

791
00:39:38,482 --> 00:39:40,724
A DOZEN YEARS BEFORE IT ACTUALLY
WAS DISCOVERED.

792
00:39:40,724 --> 00:39:43,655
♪♪

793
00:39:43,655 --> 00:39:45,724
Narrator: WHEN PRESENTED
WITH THE EVIDENCE,

794
00:39:45,724 --> 00:39:48,551
EINSTEIN CONCEDED HIS ERROR.

795
00:39:48,551 --> 00:39:53,724
IT HAD BEEN, HE SAID,
HIS GREATEST MISTAKE.

796
00:39:53,724 --> 00:39:56,034
HE OFTEN SAID, "OH, DON'T WORRY
ABOUT MY NAME ON WRONG PAPERS.

797
00:39:56,034 --> 00:39:58,310
MY NAME IS ON PLENTY
OF WRONG PAPERS."

798
00:39:58,310 --> 00:40:00,206
HE WASN'T THAT SCARED
OF BEING WRONG.

799
00:40:01,931 --> 00:40:03,448
I THINK HE CALLED IT
HIS GREATEST BLUNDER

800
00:40:03,448 --> 00:40:05,068
MAYBE BECAUSE THIS RESISTANCE

801
00:40:05,068 --> 00:40:07,758
WAS MORE OUT OF CHARACTER
FOR HIM.

802
00:40:07,758 --> 00:40:15,448
♪♪

803
00:40:15,448 --> 00:40:18,310
Narrator: STEPHEN HAWKING
HAD BURST ONTO THE WORLD STAGE

804
00:40:18,310 --> 00:40:20,896
WITH A PAPER GIVING
THEORETICAL PROOF

805
00:40:20,896 --> 00:40:25,172
THE UNIVERSE MUST HAVE
BEGUN WITH THE BIG BANG.

806
00:40:25,172 --> 00:40:30,241
♪♪

807
00:40:30,241 --> 00:40:32,310
BUT HIS GREATEST WORK
WAS RESERVED

808
00:40:32,310 --> 00:40:35,448
FOR THE MOST REMARKABLE
PHENOMENA IN THE COSMOS...

809
00:40:35,448 --> 00:40:38,620
♪♪

810
00:40:38,620 --> 00:40:40,758
BLACK HOLES.

811
00:40:40,758 --> 00:40:48,275
♪♪

812
00:40:48,275 --> 00:40:52,724
Hawking: IT IS SAID THAT FACT IS
SOMETIMES STRANGER THAN FICTION.

813
00:40:54,379 --> 00:40:58,724
BUT NOWHERE IS THAT MORE TRUE
THAN IN THE CASE OF BLACK HOLES.

814
00:40:58,724 --> 00:41:04,379
♪♪

815
00:41:04,379 --> 00:41:06,827
THEY ARE QUITE LITERALLY
HOLES IN SPACE

816
00:41:06,827 --> 00:41:10,655
THAT STUFF CAN FALL INTO
BUT NOT GET OUT OF.

817
00:41:10,655 --> 00:41:14,689
♪♪

818
00:41:14,689 --> 00:41:17,517
THEY ARE PLACES WHERE
THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

819
00:41:17,517 --> 00:41:21,586
IS SO STRONG
THAT NOTHING, NOT EVEN LIGHT,

820
00:41:21,586 --> 00:41:23,413
CAN GET AWAY.

821
00:41:23,413 --> 00:41:27,758
♪♪

822
00:41:27,758 --> 00:41:30,275
Narrator: BLACK HOLES
HAD FIRST BEEN DESCRIBED

823
00:41:30,275 --> 00:41:33,000
AS FAR BACK AS 1916.

824
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:37,482
♪♪

825
00:41:37,482 --> 00:41:41,137
WHILE SERVING ON THE FRONT LINE
IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR,

826
00:41:41,137 --> 00:41:44,896
A GERMAN ARTILLERY OFFICER
CALLED KARL SCHWARZSCHILD

827
00:41:44,896 --> 00:41:46,931
HAD BEEN PLAYING
WITH EINSTEIN'S EQUATIONS

828
00:41:46,931 --> 00:41:51,655
TO SEE HOW FAR
HE COULD STRETCH SPACE-TIME.

829
00:41:51,655 --> 00:41:55,206
HE DISCOVERED THAT
THE DENSER MATTER BECAME,

830
00:41:55,206 --> 00:41:58,517
THE MORE SPACE-TIME WARPED,

831
00:41:58,517 --> 00:42:02,344
UNTIL, IF YOU TOOK A MASS
THE SIZE OF OUR SUN

832
00:42:02,344 --> 00:42:06,172
AND CRUSHED IT INTO A SPHERE
JUST 2 MILES ACROSS,

833
00:42:06,172 --> 00:42:09,068
IT WOULD CREATE A HOLE
IN SPACE-TIME

834
00:42:09,068 --> 00:42:11,517
THAT WAS INFINITELY DEEP.

835
00:42:11,517 --> 00:42:15,344
WITHIN THAT HOLE,
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS BREAK DOWN.

836
00:42:15,344 --> 00:42:18,241
TIME STOPS,

837
00:42:18,241 --> 00:42:22,172
AND SPACE GOES ON FOREVER.

838
00:42:22,172 --> 00:42:26,172
BUT IT SEEMED INCONCEIVABLE
THAT SO MUCH MATTER

839
00:42:26,172 --> 00:42:29,517
COULD BE SQUEEZED INTO
SUCH A TINY SPACE.

840
00:42:29,517 --> 00:42:33,862
Hawking: ALBERT EINSTEIN WROTE
A PAPER IN 1939

841
00:42:33,862 --> 00:42:36,034
CLAIMING MATTER
COULD NOT BE COMPRESSED

842
00:42:36,034 --> 00:42:40,068
BEYOND A CERTAIN POINT.

843
00:42:40,068 --> 00:42:41,931
I THINK EINSTEIN WENT
TO HIS GRAVE

844
00:42:41,931 --> 00:42:44,413
THINKING THAT BLACK HOLES
WERE NOT REAL.

845
00:42:44,413 --> 00:42:49,000
♪♪

846
00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:52,586
Narrator: BUT JUST BEFORE
THE SECOND WORLD WAR,

847
00:42:52,586 --> 00:42:56,103
SCIENTISTS WORKED OUT
WHAT HAPPENED TO STARS

848
00:42:56,103 --> 00:42:58,068
AT THE END OF THEIR LIVES.

849
00:42:58,068 --> 00:43:02,310
♪♪

850
00:43:02,310 --> 00:43:05,206
Hawking: DURING MOST OF THE LIFE
OF A NORMAL STAR,

851
00:43:05,206 --> 00:43:07,655
OVER MANY BILLIONS OF YEARS,

852
00:43:07,655 --> 00:43:11,000
IT WILL SEPARATE ITSELF
AGAINST ITS OWN GRAVITY

853
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,655
BY THERMAL PRESSURE,

854
00:43:12,655 --> 00:43:15,068
CAUSED BY NUCLEAR PROCESSES

855
00:43:15,068 --> 00:43:18,724
WHICH CONVERT HYDROGEN
INTO HELIUM.

856
00:43:18,724 --> 00:43:20,827
EVENTUALLY, HOWEVER,

857
00:43:20,827 --> 00:43:23,965
THE STAR WILL EXHAUST
ITS NUCLEAR FUEL.

858
00:43:23,965 --> 00:43:27,137
♪♪

859
00:43:27,137 --> 00:43:29,413
Narrator:
WHEN A STAR RUNS OUT OF FUEL,

860
00:43:29,413 --> 00:43:32,586
IT CAN NO LONGER FIGHT
AGAINST ITS OWN GRAVITY.

861
00:43:32,586 --> 00:43:36,586
♪♪

862
00:43:36,586 --> 00:43:40,034
MEDIUM-SIZED STARS WOULD
COLLAPSE IN A MASSIVE EXPLOSION

863
00:43:40,034 --> 00:43:43,689
CALLED A SUPERNOVA,

864
00:43:43,689 --> 00:43:47,724
LEAVING BEHIND
A SUPER-DENSE REMNANT.

865
00:43:47,724 --> 00:43:52,275
THESE NEUTRON STARS HAVE
THE SAME MASS AS OUR SUN,

866
00:43:52,275 --> 00:43:56,206
BUT COMPRESSED INTO A BALL
JUST 10 KILOMETERS ACROSS.

867
00:43:58,448 --> 00:44:02,344
BUT THESE WERE NOT THE
MOST EXTREME OBJECTS OUT THERE,

868
00:44:02,344 --> 00:44:05,137
BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY
MUCH LARGER STARS

869
00:44:05,137 --> 00:44:08,034
THAT WILL ALSO ONE DAY DIE.

870
00:44:08,034 --> 00:44:11,413
♪♪

871
00:44:11,413 --> 00:44:14,517
Hawking: WHAT WOULD BE THE FATE
OF THOSE COUNTLESS STARS

872
00:44:14,517 --> 00:44:17,068
WITH GREATER MASS
THAN THE NEUTRON STAR,

873
00:44:17,068 --> 00:44:21,793
WHEN THEY HAD EXHAUSTED
NUCLEAR FUEL,

874
00:44:21,793 --> 00:44:26,896
THEY WOULD CONSTRICT TO A SINGLE
POINT OF INFINITE DENSITY,

875
00:44:26,896 --> 00:44:28,724
A BLACK HOLE.

876
00:44:28,724 --> 00:44:30,655
♪♪

877
00:44:30,655 --> 00:44:34,068
Narrator: HERE,
IN THE DEATH OF GIANT STARS,

878
00:44:34,068 --> 00:44:36,482
WAS A MECHANISM
THROUGH WHICH BLACK HOLES

879
00:44:36,482 --> 00:44:38,275
COULD FORM.

880
00:44:38,275 --> 00:44:41,689
IT SUGGESTED THERE SHOULD BE
MILLIONS OF THEM OUT THERE,

881
00:44:41,689 --> 00:44:44,689
YET NO ONE HAD EVER SEEN
A BLACK HOLE

882
00:44:44,689 --> 00:44:48,344
OR EVEN A NEUTRON STAR.

883
00:44:48,344 --> 00:44:50,448
THEY WERE SO SMALL AND FAR AWAY,

884
00:44:50,448 --> 00:44:54,758
THEY WOULD BE INVISIBLE
TO CONVENTIONAL TELESCOPES,

885
00:44:54,758 --> 00:44:57,482
BUT A NEW TECHNOLOGY
WAS DEVELOPING.

886
00:44:57,482 --> 00:44:59,275
♪♪

887
00:44:59,275 --> 00:45:02,344
[ TRILLING ]

888
00:45:02,344 --> 00:45:12,000
♪♪

889
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:15,931
THIS IS THE MULLARD RADIO
ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY.

890
00:45:17,965 --> 00:45:21,206
IN THE EARLY '60s,
RADIO TELESCOPES LIKE THESE

891
00:45:21,206 --> 00:45:25,034
HAD STARTED TO REVEAL
WHOLE NEW AREAS OF SPACE

892
00:45:25,034 --> 00:45:27,379
WE COULDN'T SEE
WITH VISIBLE LIGHT.

893
00:45:27,379 --> 00:45:32,206
♪♪

894
00:45:32,206 --> 00:45:35,862
AND IN 1965, A 24-YEAR-OLD
GRADUATE STUDENT

895
00:45:35,862 --> 00:45:37,862
CALLED JOCELYN BELL

896
00:45:37,862 --> 00:45:40,655
STARTED BUILDING
A NEW RADIO TELESCOPE

897
00:45:40,655 --> 00:45:44,000
CALLED THE INTERPLANETARY
SCINTILLATION ARRAY.

898
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:46,344
[ TRILLING ]

899
00:45:46,344 --> 00:45:49,034
Bell: THERE WERE ABOUT
HALF A DOZEN OF US

900
00:45:49,034 --> 00:45:51,413
THAT SPENT TWO YEARS
BUILDING IT.

901
00:45:53,206 --> 00:45:56,793
A LARGE NUMBER OF WOODEN POSTS,
OVER A THOUSAND.

902
00:45:56,793 --> 00:45:58,482
[ TRILLING ]

903
00:45:58,482 --> 00:46:02,931
PROBABLY ABOUT 150 MILES
OF WIRE AND CABLE.

904
00:46:02,931 --> 00:46:05,103
IT WAS VERY PHYSICAL WORK.

905
00:46:05,103 --> 00:46:08,827
I COULD SWING A SLEDGEHAMMER
BY THE END OF MY PhD.

906
00:46:08,827 --> 00:46:11,448
♪♪

907
00:46:11,448 --> 00:46:15,137
Narrator:
THE DATA FROM THE TELESCOPE
WERE FED INTO THIS HUT,

908
00:46:15,137 --> 00:46:18,482
WHERE IT WAS PRINTED OUT ON
LONG ROLLS OF PAPER --

909
00:46:18,482 --> 00:46:22,379
OVER 200 FEET OF RECORDINGS
EVERY DAY.

910
00:46:22,379 --> 00:46:24,724
WHAT JOCELYN BELL FOUND
ON THOSE ROLLS

911
00:46:24,724 --> 00:46:28,965
CHANGED THE WAY WE UNDERSTOOD
THE UNIVERSE FOREVER.

912
00:46:31,206 --> 00:46:35,137
THIS IS A PIECE
OF THE ORIGINAL CHART,

913
00:46:35,137 --> 00:46:39,034
AND IT'S VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE
TO SEE WHAT'S GOING ON.

914
00:46:39,034 --> 00:46:42,862
SO, THE FIRST THING WE DECIDED
TO DO WAS TO SPREAD THIS OUT

915
00:46:42,862 --> 00:46:46,275
BY BASICALLY RUNNING THE PAPER
FASTER UNDER THE PEN.

916
00:46:46,275 --> 00:46:49,310
FINALLY GOT THIS STRING
OF PULSES --

917
00:46:49,310 --> 00:46:50,620
PULSE, PULSE, PULSE, PULSE,

918
00:46:50,620 --> 00:46:54,103
PULSE, PULSE, PULSE,
PULSE, PULSE, PULSE.

919
00:46:54,103 --> 00:46:56,620
Narrator: THE CHALLENGE THEN
WAS TO FIGURE OUT

920
00:46:56,620 --> 00:46:58,689
WHAT COULD POSSIBLY
BE GENERATING

921
00:46:58,689 --> 00:47:01,551
THESE MYSTERIOUS RADIO SIGNALS.

922
00:47:01,551 --> 00:47:05,655
Bell: THE PULSES ARE SHORT
AND QUITE STEEP,

923
00:47:05,655 --> 00:47:09,758
SO THESE THINGS
HAVE TO BE SMALL.

924
00:47:09,758 --> 00:47:11,724
THE OTHER THING THAT
WE VERY QUICKLY ESTABLISHED

925
00:47:11,724 --> 00:47:14,068
WAS THAT THE PULSE PERIOD
WAS VERY, VERY CONSTANT.

926
00:47:14,068 --> 00:47:16,689
IT WASN'T GETTING TIRED,

927
00:47:16,689 --> 00:47:19,827
WHICH MEANS IT'S GOT LARGE
RESERVES OF ENERGY,

928
00:47:19,827 --> 00:47:22,137
WHICH MEANS IT'S BIG.

929
00:47:22,137 --> 00:47:24,206
SO IT'S SMALL, AND IT'S BIG.

930
00:47:24,206 --> 00:47:26,068
[ LAUGHS ] SO...

931
00:47:26,068 --> 00:47:28,620
YOU HAVE TO BE MORE PRECISE
IN WHAT YOU'RE SAYING.

932
00:47:28,620 --> 00:47:31,137
IT'S SMALL IN WIDTH.

933
00:47:31,137 --> 00:47:33,310
IT'S BIG IN MASS.

934
00:47:33,310 --> 00:47:35,034
SO HIGH DENSITY.

935
00:47:40,310 --> 00:47:44,482
[ SHARP PULSATING ]

936
00:47:44,482 --> 00:47:46,827
THAT'S THE FIRST PULSAR.

937
00:47:46,827 --> 00:47:49,448
CP 1919.

938
00:47:49,448 --> 00:47:51,586
SO THAT'S WHAT IT SOUNDS LIKE

939
00:47:51,586 --> 00:47:53,896
IF YOU LISTEN
TO THE RADIO SIGNAL.

940
00:47:53,896 --> 00:47:58,862
[ PULSE CONTINUES ]

941
00:47:58,862 --> 00:48:00,689
SO IT'S SPINNING.

942
00:48:00,689 --> 00:48:03,689
[ PULSE CONTINUES ]

943
00:48:03,689 --> 00:48:07,896
♪♪

944
00:48:07,896 --> 00:48:13,068
Narrator: JOCELYN HAD DISCOVERED
A NEW, EXOTIC CLASS OF STAR.

945
00:48:13,068 --> 00:48:15,724
TINY, SUPER DENSE OBJECTS,

946
00:48:15,724 --> 00:48:18,034
THEY EMIT NO VISIBLE LIGHT...

947
00:48:20,551 --> 00:48:23,103
BUT ROTATE AT ENORMOUS SPEED,

948
00:48:23,103 --> 00:48:26,827
SENDING OUT BEAMS OF RADIO WAVES
AS THEY DO SO.

949
00:48:26,827 --> 00:48:29,758
THEY WERE NAMED PULSARS.

950
00:48:29,758 --> 00:48:32,689
[ PULSE CONTINUES ]

951
00:48:32,689 --> 00:48:37,482
SO THAT'S THE WHOLE STAR
SPINNING AT THAT RATE.

952
00:48:37,482 --> 00:48:39,965
AND THERE ARE SOME THAT
ARE EVEN FASTER.

953
00:48:39,965 --> 00:48:41,551
[ PULSE CONTINUES ]

954
00:48:41,551 --> 00:48:43,068
IF YOU LISTENED TO
THE FASTEST ONE,

955
00:48:43,068 --> 00:48:45,344
IT WOULD SOUND
LIKE YOUR KITCHEN BLENDER

956
00:48:45,344 --> 00:48:48,620
IT'S GOING 700 REVS
PER SECOND.

957
00:48:48,620 --> 00:48:53,344
[ PULSE CONTINUES ]

958
00:48:53,344 --> 00:48:55,275
THEY'RE HARD TO BELIEVE.

959
00:48:57,413 --> 00:48:58,827
[ RECORDING STOPS ]

960
00:48:58,827 --> 00:49:01,379
♪♪

961
00:49:01,379 --> 00:49:03,172
Narrator:
BUT THE KEY REALIZATION

962
00:49:03,172 --> 00:49:07,137
WAS THAT THE EXISTENCE
OF PULSARS HAD BEEN PREDICTED.

963
00:49:07,137 --> 00:49:09,517
[ PULSE CONTINUES ]

964
00:49:09,517 --> 00:49:13,275
♪♪

965
00:49:13,275 --> 00:49:15,137
THEY WERE NEUTRON STARS

966
00:49:15,137 --> 00:49:18,344
THAT WERE FORMED
FROM THE COLLAPSE OF DYING SUNS.

967
00:49:18,344 --> 00:49:22,034
♪♪

968
00:49:22,034 --> 00:49:24,758
IT WAS A MASSIVE DISCOVERY.

969
00:49:24,758 --> 00:49:27,000
♪♪

970
00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:28,517
THIS WAS INCREDIBLY EXCITING
TO PEOPLE

971
00:49:28,517 --> 00:49:30,172
BECAUSE THE EXISTENCE
OF A NEUTRON STAR,

972
00:49:30,172 --> 00:49:32,034
WHICH WAS A DEAD STAR,

973
00:49:32,034 --> 00:49:35,793
AN INCREDIBLY DENSE
STATE OF MATTER,

974
00:49:35,793 --> 00:49:38,310
WAS A SUGGESTION
THAT IF THEY'RE REAL,

975
00:49:38,310 --> 00:49:41,034
IF YOU CAN SEE THEM,
MAYBE BLACK HOLES ARE TOO.

976
00:49:41,034 --> 00:49:43,586
BECAUSE BLACK HOLES
ARE LIKE THE NEXT STEP

977
00:49:43,586 --> 00:49:46,068
IN THE KIND OF
ASTRONOMICAL GRAVEYARD.

978
00:49:46,068 --> 00:49:48,482
♪♪

979
00:49:48,482 --> 00:49:50,586
Narrator: FOR THE FIRST TIME,
IT SEEMED THAT

980
00:49:50,586 --> 00:49:53,551
BLACK HOLES
MIGHT REALLY EXIST.

981
00:49:55,551 --> 00:49:58,896
AND IT IGNITED THE INTEREST
OF STEPHEN HAWKING

982
00:49:58,896 --> 00:50:01,827
AND THE NEXT GENERATION
OF PHYSICISTS.

983
00:50:01,827 --> 00:50:05,137
IT WAS A GOLDEN AGE
OF RELATIVITY

984
00:50:05,137 --> 00:50:10,724
AS WE SORTED OUT,
UNDER HAWKING'S LEADERSHIP,

985
00:50:10,724 --> 00:50:13,241
THE THEORY OF BLACK HOLES.

986
00:50:13,241 --> 00:50:22,448
♪♪

987
00:50:22,448 --> 00:50:26,724
SO WE COME TO EINSTEIN'S
MOST FAMOUS EQUATION --

988
00:50:26,724 --> 00:50:29,793
E EQUALS MC SQUARED.

989
00:50:29,793 --> 00:50:31,862
[ EXPLOSION ]

990
00:50:31,862 --> 00:50:35,862
THAT'S THE POWER OF
E EQUALS MC SQUARED.

991
00:50:35,862 --> 00:50:38,896
AND HAWKING MADE
THE STUNNING DISCOVERY

992
00:50:38,896 --> 00:50:41,275
THAT BLACK HOLES
COULD EVAPORATE.

993
00:50:41,275 --> 00:50:43,931
THAT WAS AN IN-YOUR-FACE,
SHOCKING IDEA.

994
00:50:43,931 --> 00:50:51,655
♪♪

995
00:50:51,655 --> 00:51:00,000
♪♪

996
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:09,724
♪♪

997
00:51:09,724 --> 00:51:18,241
♪♪